Grounded in achievement goal theory and self-determination theory, the aim of this study was to analyze the motivational determinants of precompetitive anxiety in the sports context, considering the horizontal motivational sequence: adaptive social factors, competence need, types of motivation, and consequences. This study was also conducted in order to analyze the mediating role of the need for competition and motivational regulations on social factors and consequences. The sample consisted of 217 athletes of both sexes engaged in elite sport, who answered (...) a series of questionnaires to measure study variables to develop an analysis of the structural equation model. The results showed that both the task-involving climate and autonomy support were associated with competence need, and competence need was associated with autonomous motivation in a positive way and with controlled motivation and amotivation in a negative way. On the other hand, autonomous motivation was positively associated with self-confidence, while amotivation was positively related to somatic and cognitive anxiety before a competition. Furthermore, there was a total mediation of competence need and autonomous motivation between task climate and self-confidence. In conclusion, these social factors favor self-confidence, and besides, these climates disfavor anxiety before a sport competition. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se hace un trabajo exploratorio en torno a una de las nociones claves del Programa "Filosofía para niños": la de "buenas razones". Aunque se tienen en cuenta algunos elementos aportados por los creadores del mencionado programa, de ninguna forma se trata exclusivamente de una interpretación de lo planteado por ellos. Se busca, más bien, explorar esa noción con el apoyo de otros filósofos (particularmente Aristóteles y Perelman) y, sobre todo, de ir examinando la noción a partir (...) de situaciones y ejemplos específicos planteados por el autor. (shrink)

Se examina aquí tanto la idea general de democracia, sustentada en tres metacriterios fundamentales (bien común, justicia y libertad individual) como el tipo de formación democrática que requieren hoy los niños y jóvenes. Para ello, se propone una concepción del "animal político" aristotélico (que incluye a niños y jóvenes) dentro de la cual éstos son a la vez el fermento necesario de la vida democrática y un potencial peligro para ella. Se opta finalmente por proponer una comunidad de indagación como (...) el ambiente privilegiado para la formación democrática. (shrink)

Lo que me propongo presentar en este texto no son más que algunas observaciones y reflexiones, algunas de ellas incluso un poco marginales, a un trabajo mucho más amplio que vengo realizando desde hace más de seis años: la traducción y adaptación cultural para el mundo de habla hispana de la novela filosófica Suki, de Matthew Lipman, y de su correspondiente manual de apoyo para el profesor, que tiene por título Escribir: ¿cómo y por qué? Me ocuparé, en primer lugar, (...) de clarificar el origen y las características de este trabajo de traducción y adaptación cultural, en orden a mostrar algunos de los criterios generales que para ello fui elaborando a medida que desarrollaba mi trabajo. A continuación presentaré algunas experiencias de escritura con niños y jóvenes que me han servido de punto de referencia en mi reflexión sobre la dimensión filosófica del acto de la escritura. Lo esencial en el esfuerzo por generar en otros el interés y las habilidades para desarrollar la composición poética está muchas veces en ayudarles a expresarse nuevamente en términos sencillos, pero evocadores. Concluiré con algunas reflexiones generales, inspiradas en Matthew Lipman, sobre la relación existente entre la reflexión filosófica y la escritura poética. En el trabajo de adaptación del manual Escribir: ¿cómo y por qué? he hecho, entonces, una recopilación bastante amplia de poemas de grandes autores de muchísimos países hispanoamericanos. Hay allí poemas de autores como Miguel Hernández, Antonio Machado o Federico García Lorca, y otros , del mexicano Octavio Paz, del nicaragüense Rubén Darío, del peruano César Vallejo, o del chileno Pablo Neruda, o incluso canciones del panameño Rubén Blades, del cubano Silvio Rodríguez, del argentino Piero o hasta del brasileño Vinicius de Moraes. Pero he incluido también poemas escritos por niños de mi país. (shrink)

In this paper the author reflects upon the past, the present and the future of philosophical education within the framework of a democratic mode of living, integrating three levels of argumentation: an autobiographic level, triggered by the encounter with an old school notebook that belonged to the author’s father; a conceptual level, in which the author recalls John Dewey’s pragmatist approach to philosophy; and a descriptive and proactive level, in which the author examines recent developments concerning the teaching of philosophy (...) and proposes a perspective on philosophical education in tune with these. The author underscores the importance of different displacements and transformations undergone by the practice of teaching philosophy during the last century, and sets up a contrast between the old practices, intended to provide a “correct view of the world”, and the urge for philosophy to provide a critique of society and knowledge. In this way, the author draws on Dewey’s ideal, according to which philosophy should carry out both a critique and a reconstruction of present experience. Finally, the author sets forth ten challenges for future philosophical education. (shrink)

El presente texto es un experimento: el de leer la Novela del curioso impertinente con el fin de encontrar en ella modelos diversos de argumentación práctica. Persigo allí -particularmente en el diálogo inicial entre Anselmo y Lotario- la forma como se ofrecen tres formas básicas de razonamiento moral, según el conflicto pueda ser objeto de acuerdo y negociación, se dé entre principios del buen vivir y sentimientos que nos desbordan, o se presente entre deberes morales y las pautas elementales de (...) una acción razonable. Cada uno de estos conflictos da lugar a formas de argumentación bastante diferentes, pero ninguna de ellas se presenta como forma única o absoluta de conducir la reflexión moral. Sugiero que la "curiosidad impertinente" de Anselmo obedece a la absurda pretensión de pretender alcanzar en cuestiones morales más precisión que aquella que la materia consiente. Me apoyo para mi lectura del texto de Cervantes en pasajes de la Ética Nicomaquea de Aristóteles y algunos escritos de Martha Nussbaum. (shrink)

This article examines a specific case of lying, at the same time judicial and mediatic, promoted from the highest levels of political power, the Leon Trotsky case, from the perspective of the work done by the International Commission of Investigation chaired by the American philosopher John Dewey. After a general justification and contextualization of the subject, and a historical account of the events that surrounded the “Moscow Trials” and the constitution of the Dewey Commission, some of the reasons why the (...) commission concluded that such processes had been judicial assemblies are reported. It closes with a reference to the way Dewey later denounced the media falsification of these events through the book Mission to Moscow. (shrink)

The reasonableness is a basic ideal of a philosophical education. Such ideal is especially expressed in “Philosophy for Children” by the notion, still open to multiple interpretations, of “good reasons”. “Being reasonable” means, in its widest sense, the trend, the finely cultivated habit, of giving, asking and evaluating reasons for our thoughts, feelings, actions, words, actions, or wishes. What is demanded of those who participate in a community of inquiry is the permanent effort of searching for the best reasons for (...) what we are, feel, think, say or wish to do. Why are good reasons necessary? How are those reasons to be evaluated? What allows us to distinguish between a good and a bad reason? What are the main characteristics of a good reason? These are some of the main questions I aim to examine in this paper. I begin by trying to clarify what gives rise to the need to give, ask and evaluate reasons. Then I try to answer the question I consider to be central: what is a good reason, or what does one consist of? I conclude my thoughts with some notes on the possibility and meaning of a “logic of good reasons” and on the role it plays in the P4C project. I show the diversity of reasons that can be offered according to the circumstances and the circles of interest in which we move. Since we live simultaneously in different worlds , the kind of reasons we must offer in each case may be entirely different. Therefore, the criteria according to which we can evaluate the reasons offered in each context may also be very different. I emphasize that good reasons are, in a great number, intuitive. They are immediate, that is, not mediated by long analysis, but ‘emerge’ in our minds rather ‘spontaneously’. Though good reasons may show up in a rather intuitive way, in general they are supported by a long process of analysis. Good reasons would not be such if they were not timely; therefore, they cannot take too long to show up; pressing circumstances require them to show up swiftly. Nonetheless, they are not produced casually or by chance. As a matter of fact, they are prepared in our permanent exercise of making good judgments, that is, careful, relevant and well enlightened judgments. This implies a process of decomposing a problematic situation into its constitutive parts , which happens too fast in our minds and shows up finished in those who permanently strive to reason in a sensible and coherent way when confronted with different situations. (shrink)

At present, educational discourses on innovative methodologies make up an enthusiastic panorama that is not exempt from criticism. The aim of this paper is to understand the real possibilities of success for new methodological proposals in a case study focused on the Geography and History classes of a teacher–researcher. The results obtained allow us to identify a central category of analysis, “methodological ineffectiveness”, and two subcategories, “methodological supply” and “methodological demand”. This confirms the importance of exploring the impact of new (...) methodologies based on the factors and voices specific to each educational context. (shrink)

Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete, a priest born in Zamora, Michoacán, México, was both a prominent clergyman and a dedicated archaeologist. His studies on the ancient cultures of México were highlighted by his gathering of two archaeological collections, the first of which included some 3000 archaeological pieces, many from excavations he conducted himself and many more that he obtained as gifts from family, friends, and parishioners. This paper focuses on his donors in order to reveal the diverse interests that antiquities aroused (...) at the end of the 19th century and how private collections contributed to increasing the National Museum of Mexico's archaeological collection. (shrink)

A partir de uma perspectiva decolonial pretendo mostrar, por um lado, que o tratamento habitual das fronteiras ignora a génese colonial do sistema-mundo moderno e não distingue entre duas lógicas, duas formas jurídicas, duas políticas de delimitação e demarcação de fronteiras, que se podem observar com grande precisão no cenário escolhido para esta análise. Por outro lado, tentarei questionar as visões evolucionistas do território e as fronteiras que pensam a pós-modernidade a partir do centro do sistema-mundo.

The publication of this book is an event in the making. All over the world scientists, psychologists, and philosophers are waiting to read Antonio Damasio's new theory of the nature of consciousness and the construction of the self. A renowned and revered scientist and clinician, Damasio has spent decades following amnesiacs down hospital corridors, waiting for comatose patients to awaken, and devising ingenious research using PET scans to piece together the great puzzle of consciousness. In his bestselling Descartes' Error, (...) Damasio revealed the critical importance of emotion in the making of reason. Building on this foundation, he now shows how consciousness is created. Consciousness is the feeling of what happens-our mind noticing the body's reaction to the world and responding to that experience. Without our bodies there can be no consciousness, which is at heart a mechanism for survival that engages body, emotion, and mind in the glorious spiral of human life. A hymn to the possibilities of human existence, a magnificent work of ingenious science, a gorgeously written book, The Feeling of What Happens is already being hailed as a classic. (shrink)

Linking the process of rational decision making to emotions, an award-winning scientist who has done extensive research with brain-damaged patients notes the dependence of thought processes on feelings and the body's survival-oriented regulators. 50,000 first printing.

From one of the world's leading neuroscientists--a succinct, illuminating, wholly engaging investigation of the phenomenon of consciousness. In recent decades, many philosophers and cognitive scientists have declared the question of consciousness unsolvable, but Antonio Damasio is convinced that recent findings in neurobiology, psychology, and AI have given us the necessary tools to solve its mystery. Now, he not only elucidates its myriad aspects, but presents his analysis and insights in a way that is faithful to our own intuitive sense (...) of the experience of consciousness. In the 45 brief chapters of the book, he helps us understand the relation between consciousness and mind; why being conscious is not the same as either being awake or sensing; the essential role of feeling; and the biological brain and development of consciousness. He synthesizes the recent findings of various sciences with the outlook of philosophy, and, most significantly, presents his original research which has transformed our understanding of the brain and human behavior. Here is an indispensable guide to understanding consciousness, the fundamental human capacity for informing--and transforming--our experience of the world around us and our perception of our place in it. (shrink)

El artículo valora en su conjunto la concisión y la claridad del número 12 de la Constitución Dei Verbum, en el que los Padres conciliares recogieron, en apretada síntesis, las enseñanzas del magisterio y abrieron caminos para que la Iglesia fuera avanzando cada vez con mayor seguridad en el conocimiento de la Palabra de Dios. Se despejó un campo que presentaba muchas dificultades y en el que había varios temas en conflicto. Los aportes posteriores al Concilio, como el documento de (...) la Pontificia Comisión Bíblica de 1993, muestran la virtualidad que se encierra en esas pocas frases y las posibilidades que se abren para que “la palabra de Dios se difunda y resplandezca”. (shrink)

Damasio, an eminent neuroscientist explores the science of human emotion and what the great Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza can teach of how and why we feel. Damasio shows how joy and sorrow, those most defining of human feelings, are in fact the cornerstones of our survival and culture.

For most philosophers, the work of Edith Stein continues to be eclipsed and relegated to obscurity. This work presents an excellent cross-section of Stein's writings and demonstrates the timeliness and relevance of her ideas for contemporary philosophical scholarship. Antonio Calcagno covers most of Edith Stein's philosophical life, from her early work with Husserl to her later encounters with medieval Christian thought, as well as a critical and analytical reading of major Steinian texts. Stein was an original thinker who challenged (...) not only the direction in which Husserlian phenomenology was progressing but also sought to bring to philosophical light the relevance of certain key questions, including the meaning of what it is to be human, the relevance of metaphysics to science, and fundamental questions about the nature of God. Working to correct the perception that Stein is either an "unfaithful and distorting" phenomenologist or a pious Catholic mystic, Calcagno presents important work that has been neglected by both secular and religious scholars. The essays are not merely expository, but discuss the philosophical questions raised by Stein's work from a contemporary perspective, using Stein's original German texts. In its attention to the breadth and depth of Stein's philosophy from its initial development to its more mature form, The Philosophy of Edith Stein offers a new understanding of an individual who left behind an incredible philosophical and literary legacy worthy of scholarly attention. The book will be of interest not only to Stein scholars, but to feminists, phenomenologists, and Heideggerians. (shrink)

A philosopher and political thinker describes a new political grammar free of modernist assumptions. In 2004 and 2005, Antonio Negri held ten workshops at the Collège International de Philosophie in Paris to formulate a new political grammar of the postmodern. Biopolitics, biopowers, control, the multitude, people, war, borders, dependency and interdependency, state, nation, the common, difference, resistance, subjective rights, revolution, freedom, democracy: these are just a few of the themes Negri addressed in these experimental laboratories. Postmodernity, Negri suggests, can (...) be described as a “porcelain factory”: a delicate and fragile construction that could be destroyed through one clumsy act. Looking across twentieth century history, Negri warns that our inability to anticipate future developments has already placed coming generations in serious jeopardy. Describing the years 1917-1968 as the “short century,” Negri suggests that by the end of it, all of the familiar markers of modernity had lost their relevance. Confronted with an intolerable reality, indignation and the revolutionary will to transform the world have both taken new forms and must be understood anew, free of modernist assumptions. In the impassioned debates recounted in this book, Antonio Negri attempts to describe the formation of an alternative political horizon and looks for a way to define the practices and modes of expression that democracy could take.Antonio Negri is a philosopher and essay writer. A political and social activist in the 1960s and 1970s in Italy, he taught political sciences for many years and has written numerous books on political philosophy including Marx beyond Marx, The Savage Anomaly, Insurgencies ; and in collaboration with Michael Hardt, Empire and Multitude. (shrink)

In this volume, distinguished philosopher Antonio S. Cua offers a collection of original studies on Xunzi, a leading classical Confucian thinker, and on other ...

Sydney Shoemaker has been arguing for more than a decade for an account of the mind–body problem in which the notion of realization takes centre stage. His aim is to provide a notion of realization that is consistent with the multiple realizability of mental properties or events, and which explains: how the physical grounds the mental; and why the causal work of mental events is not screened off by that of physical events. Shoemaker's proposal consists of individuating properties in terms (...) of causal powers, and defining realization as a relation of inclusion between sets of causal powers. Thus, as the causal powers that define a mental property are a subset of the causal powers that characterize a physical property, it can be said that physical properties realize mental properties. In this paper we examine the physicalist credentials of Shoemaker's mind–body theory in relation to three important issues: the direction of the relation of dependence that the theory is committed to; the possibility of mental properties existing without being anchored by physical properties; and the compatibility of the theory with the causal closure of the physical world. We argue that Shoemaker's theory is problematic in all three respects. After that we consider whether the theory should count as a mind–body theory at all, given that it seems to be committed to a distorted view of mental properties. (shrink)

The recent philosophical literature on emotional action is divided between Humeans, who think that emotional action, for all its peculiarities, can in fact be explained along Humean lines, that is, with belief–desire pairs; and emotionists, who think that emotional actions can only be explained by appealing to emotions and some of their special features. After reviewing this philosophical discussion, I will argue, first, that none of the philosophical accounts of emotional action analysed, whether Humean or emotionist, is satisfactory enough. Second, (...) I will argue that this philosophical debate has reached a stalemate, which does not allow further progress and which has not been able to provide us with a compelling account of such emotional actions where it is not obvious which is the goal involved. Third, I will argue that in order to overcome this stalemate, we need to approach emotional action in a radically different way. Drawing on ideas from some psychologists, I will suggest that the relevant philosophical issue should be whether emotional action is, or is not, goal-directed. Finally, I will suggest how emotional actions, particularly the most puzzling ones, can be accounted for according to this new approach. (shrink)

Theorists of political obligation have long devoted special attention to civil disobedience, establishing its pride of place as an object of philosophical analysis, and as one of a short li...

O dossiê estoicismo desta edição contém trabalhos apresentados no 1 Colóquio Epicteto, que ocorreu em Aracaju em fevereiro de 2016. Na capa desta edição temos foto de defesa de dissertação de Valter Duarte (à direita), sendo questionado por Antônio Tarquínio (à esquerda).

The main purpose in this article is to give an overwiev and to clarify the thought of Stelio Zeppi, one of the most outstanding scholars at the Trieste State University. Zeppi published extensively on ancient greek political thought, on french modern literature and italian contemporary philosophy and political thought. He started (1960) his career in discussing the main topics of Guido Calogero's Philosophy of Praxis and than his main fields of interests were on the ancient greek philosophy. He became more (...) and more interested in ethics, philosophy and Political Theory For the first time, in this article, Antonio Russo shows that Stelio Zeppi, in just the last decade of his life developed a new point of view, i. d. admitting that the Christian is the best and most complete or perfect ethical point of view and brings the ancient ethics to its highest point. (shrink)

L'esperienza religiosa nel pensiero di Antonio Banfi.- La riforma e il pensiero europeo (da "Conscientia") - Altri scritti per "Conscientia." - Appendice: L'esperienza religiosa da Kierkegaard a Barth. La filosofia dell'esistenza. Per il Congresso del libero cristianesimo.

Muss man eine Situation verstanden haben, um in ihr moralisch handeln zu können? Dieser Frage widmet sich der Autor mit Bezug auf Maschinen, die mit Künstlicher Intelligenz betrieben werden, jedoch die Probleme, die sie lösen, nicht verstehen: Reinforcement-Learning-Agenten. Aktuell werden viele Konzepte im Kontext der Künstlichen Intelligenz genutzt, hinter denen eine lange Entwicklungsgeschichte steht. Diese Konzepte werden zunächst historisch und systematisch aufgearbeitet bzw. eingeordnet. Der Fokus liegt allerdings auf den rezenten Ansätzen zur Umsetzung Künstlicher Intelligenz, insbesondere auf dem subsymbolischen Machine-Learning-Ansatz. (...) Dabei ist die Frage zentral, ob eine Maschine tatsächlich von Normen geleitet werden kann, wenn sie zur Gänze auf Elimination von Bedeutung setzt, um funktionieren zu können. Der Autor Antonio Bikić ist Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter an der Fakultät für Philosophie, Wissenschaftstheorie und Religionswissenschaft der LMU München und forscht zu der Philosophie der Künstlichen Intelligenz. (shrink)

Table of Contents 0. Introduction Part I. Life and mechanism 1. Guido Giglioni (Macerata) Scaliger Bacon Harvey: A Trajectory in the Early Modern History of Vegetative Life 2. Andreas Blank (Klagenfurt) Jacob Schegk on Plants, Medicaments, and the Question of Emergence 3. Oana Matei (Arad/Bucharest) Particles, universal spirit, and seeds: John Evelyn's theory of matter in Elysium Britannicum 4. Luca Tonetti (Bologna) Stimulus and fibre theory in Giorgio Baglivi’s medicine: A reassessment 5. Antonio Clericuzio (Roma Tre) ‘Febris non est (...) morbus, sed bellum contra morbum’. A study of seventeenth-century theories of fevers. 6. Riccardo Chiaradonna (Roma Tre) Plotinus and Ficino in Ralph Cudworth’s philosophy of nature 7. Raphaële Andrault (CNRS-ENS Lyon) The chain of motions and the chain of thoughts. The diachronic mechanism of Spinoza's friends. 8. Antonio M. Nunziante (Padova) Both Natural and Supernatural: Leibniz’s Integrated Model of Life 9. Marco Storni (Neuchâtel) Experience, Analogy and Mechanism in Maupertuis’s Theory of Generation 10. Cécilia Bognon-Küss (Louvain-La-Neuve) Intussusception, vital mechanisms and the ontology of life 11. Charles Wolfe (Toulouse) Expanded mechanism or heuristic vitalism? Part II. Mechanisms of the mind 12. Emanuela Scribano (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice) Powers of the Body and Eclipse of the Soul. From Descartes On 13. Ursula Renz (Graz) Shaftesbury’s Conception of Human Thought 14. Matteo Favaretti Camposampiero (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice) Psychology and Mechanism: Christian Wolff on the Soul-Body Analogy 15. Federico Boccaccini (Brasilia) Mental Machinery and active powers from Hartley to Ward 16. Paolo Pecere (Roma Tre) Mechanism, organization, mind: a Kantian legacy in 19th century psychology 17. Lydia Patton (Virginia Tech) Organic Memory and the Perils of Perigenesis: the Helmholtz-Hering Debate. (shrink)

Vroeger leek de keus simpel, meent neuroloog Antonio Damasio: je liet je meevoeren in de maalstroom van het modernisme of trok je terug in een klassiek Arcadië. Maar nu kunnen we ons niet langer aan de maalstroom onttrekken. De digitale revolutie biedt ons allerlei gemakken en voordelen, maar heeft ook mogelijk desastreuze gevolgen voor onze moraliteit. In plaats van ons in een Arcadië terug te trekken, moeten we ons daartegen teweer stellen.

Provisto de procedimientos que proceden de la filosofía y de la poesía, la filología y el psicoanálisis, la religión, el cine o la antropología, Antonio Lastra inscribe su "ecología de la cultura" en una vertiente político ...